 |
|
|
Biblioteca Virtual de Energia | CNEN/CIN | Prossiga | MCT | Fale com a gente | Números Anteriores |
| Ano 3 - No. 26 - Setembro 2003 | ||||
|
|
Publicações Principal | Sites | Revistas Eletrônicas | Eventos |
|
Photovoltaic (PV) has
considerable potential to contribute to meeting the energy needs of rural
and remote communities in developing countries. However, the high capital
cost of PV systems means that new and innovative implementation models are
needed in order to encourage widespread use of the technology. This guide
gives an overview of the options and describes various models for the
implementation of small domestic PV systems (Solar Home Systems or SHS) in
developing countries. Hydrogen and fuel cells are
seen by many as key solutions for the 21st century, enabling clean
efficient production of power and heat from a range of primary energy
sources. The High Level Group for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells was initiated in
October 2002 by the Vice President of the European Commission, Loyola de
Palacio, Commissioner for Energy and Transport, and Mr Philippe Busquin,
Commissioner for Research. The group was invited to formulate a collective
vision on the contribution that hydrogen and fuel cells could make to the
realization of sustainable energy systems in future. This document identifies
capacity building measures that should be undertaken as an integral
component of a PV based rural electrification implementation programme.
Many of the measures outlined could be adapted to any other off-grid or
dispersed renewable energy technology. Mankind approaches the
exhaustion of conventional finite energy reserves that leads to
existential problems of civilization: first oil, then uranium, natural gas
and later coal. Since 1980 fossil oil consumption has been higher than the
discovery of new reserves, so the world fossil energy system is
approaching the final exploitation of the most important reserves. World
oil annual consumption is nearly 4 billion tonnes; reserves of
conventional are of 120-160 billion tonnes according to the oil companies
and national statistics.Because of its limited availability with the oil
to reach its world peak production 2010 to 2012, the present use of fossil
and nuclear energy resources cannot offer long-term and sustainable
perspectives of future development to the populations of either
industrialised or un-served regions and nations. This paper looks at how strategic considerations may play a role in the decision of whether or not to impose sanctions on Parties who are not in compliance with their commitments to the Kyoto Protocol. A member of the Enforcement Branch might have an incentive to vote for sanctions towards one non-compliant country and not another even with the same violation. This implies that a certain composition of the members of the Enforcement Branch could decide to sanction one country and not another for the same relative non-compliance, while another composition might choose differently. We show that the expected effects on world market prices of sanctioning a country is likely to influence the decision of whether to carry out the sanctions or not. We find that it is likely to be easier to sanction countries where sanctions result in minor impacts on world market prices than those where the impacts arelarger. Finally, we discuss an alternative design of thesanction mechanism in view of our results.http://www.cicero.uio.no/media/2186.pdf Um dos objetivos fundamentais da União Européia é o desenvolvimento sustentável. Isto significa satisfazer as necessidades da geração atual sem comprometer as das gerações futuras. A presente Comunicação irá explicar por que razão é necessário incorporar uma dimensão do produto na política ambiental. Na seção 2 explica-se a abordagem PIP, antes de se indicarem, na seção 3, os princípios que irão nortear a estratégia da UE relativa à PIP. Nas restantes seções descreve-se o que a Comissão irá fazer para promover a adoção da abordagem PIP.ftp://ftp.cordis.lu/pub/documents_r5/natdir0000044/s_2032015_20030709_162257_2032pt.pdf |
| Topo Principal | Sites | Revistas Eletrônicas | Eventos |
|
|